... Ethiopian cluster supervision policy and the need for participatory decision-making. Research limitations/implications School effectiveness in Sub-Saharan Africa requires shifting from transactional inspection to relational, participatory leadership. The findings provides context-specific guidelines...

... for economic and social development. Leadership is an important aspect of quality, and the research reported in this paper shows the potential for instructional leadership to enhance student learning. Originality/value This is the first cross-national study of instructional leadership in sub-Saharan Africa...