... to existing literature. Consequently, the perception has shifted toward a more positive direction in the Arab Gulf. Often, when thinking of managers or leaders, employees believe that masculine characteristics are necessary for such positions (Schein, 1973 ; Dula et al., 2021) the “think manager...

... more on the individual level of the cultural factor and its impact on leadership style may have limited the scope of the analysis. Finally, the present study did not examine the cultural variations within the United Arab Emirates universal culture especially in relationship with region, age group...