Despite growing calls for practical insights on the multi-stakeholder approach in marketing and its communications, there is no empirical evidence of such kind in international advertising. This study aims to examine whether and how multinational enterprises (MNEs) have redesigned international advertising to reflect multi-stakeholder principles in language and content over time.
We adopt a mixed methodological approach based on literature review, the Delphi method and content analysis of 258 international advertising campaigns from 86 Global Reptrak® most reputed MNEs in 2016, 2019 and 2022. Furthermore, we use the Apriori algorithm, which analyzes advertising campaigns’ keyword complementarity and substitution trends.
From 2016 to 2022, MNEs are gradually shifting from focusing solely on product-centered content and language to integrating broader values, such as responsibility, sustainability, humanity and ethics, which address the interests of diverse stakeholder groups in their international advertising campaigns.
Our study offers a homogeneous picture of digital international advertisements spread mainly in Southern Europe, Turkey, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and India, with no relevant differences detected in the contents and language. Future studies could replicate our analysis by including advertisements spread in other emerging countries, which we did not cover for methodological reasons.
Our study guides marketers on integrating multiple stakeholder values into their advertisements.
Our research provides a novel contribution to the evolution of traditional marketing communications towards a multi-stakeholder approach by identifying three main evolutionary paths for international advertising: unimodal, bimodal and multimodal communication in 2016, 2019 and 2022, respectively.
