MORALE: A REFINEMENT OF STOGDILL'S MODEL Available to Purchase

An attempt is made to relate a morale model developed by Stogdill to the three factors identified in 1972 by Smith, Bonnett and Smith and recently confirmed by Williams and Lane. Morale is perceived as being at least a three‐dimensional group output which, like productivity, contributes to individual inputs, expectations, interactions and performance. It is suggested that the intervening variables of leadership, purpose, task, and role perceptions may cause changes in output without any change in individual inputs at a given time. Morale surveys are pertinent to a specific place and specific time: they do not readily lend themselves to prediction.