... with student achievement. Design/methodology/approach This study leverages a variety of statistical approaches including multilevel confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regression and hierarchical linear models to analyze survey and administrative data from a state representative sample of schools...

... first-order factor models and four second-order factor models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. Findings The results suggested that the nine-factor model provided the best fit for the data. Further examination revealed that most constructs lacked convergent validity and discriminant...