... promotes synergy among individuals in the school; and second, it pragmatically allows principals to share their increasing workload. Singapore Instructional leadership Hierarchy Heterarchy Hybrid leadership structure For the past seven decades, the research on educational administration...

... of both loose and tight structures are today better understood than 25 years ago. In a development paralleling the evolution of organizational thinking in corporate management which no longer posits a “one‐best‐system hierarchy”, developments in education theory and practice point to the emergence...

... suggested explanations for this unusual combination of significant difference with significant correlation, and for other findings © MCB UP Limited 1998 Effectiveness Hierarchy Perceptions Schools The idea that expectations can influence results makes sense. In sociology, concepts like...

... based on the assumption that different hierarchical positions and work circumstances which exist in public centralized service‐oriented organizational hierarchies create unique influences on echelons’ role perceptions. Findings indicate that echelons are differentiated by their perceptions of risk...