... for improvement. However, little academic attention has been devoted to thoroughly analysing this process, which has been studied by various authors focusing mainly on the business sector. Total quality management (TQM) can improve the activities and performance of private firms (Powell, 1995 ; Easton...

... with the diverse body of “international schools”. The findings cannot automatically be applied to other types of institution. Practical implications It is suggested that these training needs have to be met largely from within the school itself. Deming's four total quality management principles of “profound...