... regarding actual visit intentions than intentions to recommend a virtual experience. Practical implications 5DVR can be an effective Islamic destination marketing tool when designed to foster positive attitudes, perceived control and user satisfaction. Developers and marketers should prioritise engaging...

.... This paper also provides some suggestions for destination marketers on how best to cater for Western tourists and increase international arrivals. Originality/value This paper explores the perceptions of non-Muslim tourists towards halal tourism which is totally new research in destination marketing...