... of the metasystem functions necessary to provide control, communication, coordination, and integration of a complex system” (Keating et al., 2014 , p. 274). CSG was developed at the National Centers for System of Systems Engineering and is anchored in the fields of systems theory and management cybernetics...

... by interacting with the environment – taking in needed resources. Self‐organizing system theory posits that open systems use disorder to create possibilities for growth. Through both resilience and self‐reference, self‐organizing systems are capable of maintaining an identity while changing form. They have...