... software and the PROCESS 3.5 macro. Findings The results show that under low power distance orientation, taking charge behavior fosters challenge appraisal, promoting empowerment. Conversely, under high power distance orientation, it triggers threat appraisal, reducing empowerment. Moreover, challenge...

... Both emotional demands and time pressure exert positive effects on work engagement when people expect resource gain (challenge appraisal), independent of actual resource gain (achievement). Furthermore, results show that goal progress buffers negative effects of perceived blocked resource gain...