... “stairs” referring to the teams' competence level. When competence increased, more comprehensive tasks and responsibilities were delegated, and thus TPM-stairs was interpreted as a tool for increased industrial democracy. An important symbolic issue in relation to this was that two of the TPM trainers...

...Stewart Black; Newton Margulies Participation is not a new idea but recently it has received renewed attention. This article examines how participation is viewed from two perspectives: industrial democracy and organisational development. Despite the use of some common participative techniques...