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Total quality management (TQM) was adopted in Australia in the 1980s. One of the few service, as distinct from manufacturing, organizations to take it up, Price Waterhouse, encountered a number of problems. These were particularly to do with the difficulty of measuring results and outcomes. A group in the USA, applying TQM to service industries,developed a hybrid called total quality service (TQS). One of the leading proponents of TQS is Karl Albrecht. Explains Albrecht’s propositions and compares and contrasts TQM and TQS.

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