... the grand total of the four components – it is often necessary to increase investments in prevention and/or appraisal costs to decrease external and/or internal failure costs. Optimum quality cost is found when the grand total is at its minimum, irrespective of the individual component levels...

... focus on improving performance in the areas of customer satisfaction and value for money. Business planning Cost of quality Group working New Zealand TQM Value‐for‐money audit In common with organization in the public and private sectors worldwide, the city of Christchurch, New Zealand...