... as their failure physics. It evaluates the transition from Design of Experiments to machine learning ( ML )-driven adaptive control and quantifies the role of nanoindentation. Three comparative tables synthesize the analytical framework. Findings Key original syntheses include Pd as a tuneable kinetic...

... models cannot fully characterize the complex nonlinear relationships between surface tension and its influencing factors. This study aims to develop a machine learning-based prediction method for the surface tension of Sn-based lead-free solders, providing reliable support for alloy composition...

... deviations from the PW and recommends rechecks, thus enhancing PCBA production reliability. Originality/value This study integrates the XGBoost method into a PHM system for failure prediction in PCBA production. Combining real-world production data with advanced machine-learning techniques offers a novel...