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Organisational culture is a vital factor in promotion processes, influencing goals promotees set themselves and the strategies they choose to adopt. A research programme involving three case studies has been under way at the Department of Management Studies, Loughborough University, since 1984, and has thrown out evidence that managers' degree of proactivity or reactivity is also a strong influence in the promotion process. Highly proactive individuals see promotion success as something to be pursued in its own right, and thus experience a proactive promotion system; reactive individuals perceive promotion in terms of narrow task achievement and thus experience a reactive promotion system.

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