... Corporate social responsibility G24 G32 M14 Credit ratings are crucial for firms due to their significant impact on capital access (Rahmani et al., 2023 ; Bauer and Esqueda, 2017), market volatility and valuations (An and Chan, 2008). Given the complexity of the financial system...

...-financial information Risk disclosure Systematic review G32 M41 JEL classification: G32 M41 G32 M41 Table A1 (Appendix) reports the main empirical findings of studies arranged on the topic of determinants of risk disclosure and published in ABS ranking journals from 2000...

...., 2016). Risk and return Firm-specific risk Systematic risk Stakeholder Enterprise risk management Firm cost Strategic management D23 G32 L25 Prominent finance scholars such as Markowitz (1952) , Modigliani and Miller (1958) , Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965...

.... Hostile takeovers Takeover vulnerability Takeover susceptibility Managerial ownership Corporate governance Agency theory G32 G34 According to agency theory, the separation of ownership and control leads to agency conflicts. Managerial ownership is crucially important, as it helps align...