...? © Authors 2014 Validity High stakes testing Educational accountability Standards-based reforms In the last century, significant developments in measurement and validity theory signaled shifting conceptions of validity in educational measurement. Distinguished scholars like...

... tends to approach the tasks of test development and validation. A “contest perspective,” reflecting the typical mindset of test takers, who view passing a high stakes test as being similar to winning a contest to help them reach their goals. A “pragmatic perspective” or the mindset of typical...