...Ebenezer Gbenga Olamide; Andrew Maredza Purpose This study is a pre-COVID-19 exposition of the existing situation about external debt-GDP relationship, incorporating corruption into the hypothesis, making South Africa the object of the study. The aim is to examine the causal relationship between...

... disturbances, capital outflows and debt risks; especially external debt. Low-interest rates, increased liquidity and monetary expansion might seem to decrease risks. However, pre-existing debt distress, weak growth outlook and increased geopolitical vulnerabilities pose more risks. The post-shock increased...

... ratios (which include the present value approach, Country Policy and Institutional Assessment debt policy assessment ranking and solvency ratio of external debt) for the period 2010 and 2017 were used for the analysis to determine external debt sustainability and solvency of ECOWAS members. Findings...