.... The systems vary significantly, depending on whether they are managing input‐ or output‐based, traditionally bred or biotechnology‐based traits. Combines transaction costs and principal‐agent theory in a synthesized transaction cost‐agency model that allows for predictions regarding the organizational form...

... 2000 Supply chain Co‐ordination Transaction costs Agriculture Food industry Biotechnology The agri‐food sectors of many countries are witnessing moves towards closer vertical co‐ordination. This is occurring to varying degrees in different industries, taking on a variety of forms...

...William A. Kerr Given the rapid rates of technological improvements possible, using modern biotechnology, the product life cycle of new genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is likely to be short and, hence, those investing in their development will desire access to the widest international market...