Enhancing customer engagement through source appearance and self-influencer congruence in mobile advertising Open Access

Mobile advertising is assigned a substantial portion of companies’ overall marketing spending because it is viewed as an essential strategy (Hashim et al., 2018; Stefko et al., 2022). The amount spent on mobile advertising would reach around 399.6 Billion U.S dollar by 2024, an increase of 17.2% from the previous year (Statista, 2023). The idea of mobile advertising arose nearly two decades ago and plays a significant role in providing customized advertising messages, better advertisement recognition, improving customer willingness to buy, engaging customers and creating customers’ perceived value from branded mobile apps (Kumar and Pansari, 2016; Murillo-Zegarra et al., 2020; Park and Park, 2020; Park and Gong, 2023). Even though the recent pandemic led the businesses to embrace a new reality, managers have yet to formulate a strategic direction for such situations (Ketter and Avraham, 2021). Having said that, skepticism toward mobile advertisements remains a primary concern for marketers, which can be addressed through customer engagement (CE) (Hollebeek et al., 2022).

The scope of consumer engagement includes those who do not make purchases but can influence the brand by posting information on the brands’ social media platforms (Sharma et al., 2022). The previous studies (Barari et al., 2021; Rosado-Pinto and Loureiro, 2020) have identified CE as an essential component of business success (Kumar and Pansari, 2016), brand loyalty (Li et al., 2020), word of mouth, satisfaction and trust (Rosado-Pinto and Loureiro, 2020; de Oliveira Santini et al., 2020). However, the term CE refers to “the behavioural manifestation of a customer toward a brand or firm, beyond purchases, stemming from motivational cues” (Van Doorn et al., 2010). Users are more likely to respond to mobile advertising when they have favorable interactions with a product and begin offering positive feedback (Gao and Zang, 2016; Kim and Read, 2022). The current research makes an effort to investigate the connection between visual content (VC) and CE in advertising to understand mobile users’ behaviour with advertisements. The findings of this study could help reduce mobile users’ skepticism toward advertisements.

Interestingly, source appearance (SA) in the mobile advertising context is less explored. Prior studies have mainly focused on the social media influencers’ credibility (Weismueller et al., 2020), attractiveness, expertise, trustworthiness (Wiedmann and von Mettenheim, 2020; Cvirka et al., 2022) and impact on customer purchase intention (Kurdi et al., 2022). The source’s physical attractiveness provokes customer sentiments (Samarasinghe, 2018; Kim and Park, 2023) where the mobile users tend to match their actual and ideal selves with the source in the ads (Xu and Pratt, 2018) for meanings as well as associations (Shan et al., 2020). Even though customers have a positive emotional response to the source when the source is likable (Teng and Tsai, 2020; Sanders, 2006), familiar (Roy, 2006) and similar (Lou and Yuan, 2019; Wies et al., 2023), there has been limited research on SA as a mediator in the mobile advertising literature, which leaves room for determining its effects on CE.

Researchers have demonstrated self-influencer congruence (SIC) as an independent variable in the context of social media influencers (Shan et al., 2020), which impacts consumer behaviour (Zogaj et al., 2021), and purchase intentions (Absharina et al., 2021). SIC holds great significance as it enhances customers’ visit intentions (Xu and Pratt, 2018), attitude toward brand content and content engagement (Zogaj et al., 2021). Researchers also proved that the compatibility of customer’s ideal self-image and the social media influencer’s image generates influential endorsements (Shan et al., 2020). Individuals use social media to follow influential users to feel more connected to the community (Xiao et al., 2021). However, customers engage with mobile ads when they perceive their actual and ideal self-congruence with the influencer (Xu and Pratt, 2018), which enhances the ads’ effectiveness (Lee et al., 2022). Resultantly, SIC has been used as a mediator in our current study to assess CE with mobile advertising.

Concerns remain about mobile users’ skepticism toward mobile advertisements (Yang et al., 2021; Nelson et al., 2021; de Sio et al., 2022), and it is of profound interest for marketers to identify the factors that help users’ engagement with mobile ads. The current study will assess the combined effect of SA and SIC on CE to deduce if it is greater than the individual effect of SA or SIC, which has not been addressed in the past studies (Rahman et al., 2022; Moorthy et al., 2022; Bazi et al., 2023). Second, while most studies have used the stimulus–organism–response (SOR) framework in the context of online purchase intention (Zhu et al., 2020; Suparno, 2020), customer response (Chopdar and Balakrishnan, 2020) and CE due to apps’ attributes (Tak and Gupta, 2021), this study contributes by using the SOR framework in the mobile advertising context to analyze the relationship between VC and CE. Finally, this study contributes by highlighting the significance of SA and SIC in mobile ads.

VC primarily refers to illustrations, infographics and videos (Mayahi and Vidrih, 2022; Hou and Pan, 2023), which are used to convey messages to the intended audience (Krause, 2017). Its effectiveness improves when advertisers incorporate graphics and animations into exclusive photos or videos to reflect customers’ considerations toward mobile advertisements (Hatmaker, 2021; Appel et al., 2020). VC improves mobile users’ experience and enables them to connect with the influencer (Xiao et al., 2021). VC depicts customers’ willingness to engage with mobile ad visuals for relevant information and shopping (Kim and Kim, 2021; Almela-Baeza, et al., 2023). Although mobile users express the desire to watch mobile advertisements with good animations, graphics and visual effects, they are less interested in the textual content generated by the firm (Villarroel Ordenes et al., 2019).

Many scholars have proposed that VC improves engagement (Lee et al., 2018; Almela-Baeza, et al., 2023), attracts attention (Pieters and Wedel, 2007, 2004), drives satisfaction (Pansari and Kumar, 2017), builds loyalty (Rahi et al., 2021) and influences purchase intentions (Liu et al., 2022; Orús et al., 2017). The current research involves the CE dimensions that include an “identification,” which describes the online or offline users’ participation with mobile ads, an “interaction” that involves customers’ perception of belongingness to the advertised brand and finally, “absorption,” which includes the mobile user’s pleasant state when they play as a customer (So et al., 2014; Harrigan et al., 2017). Incentives help advertisers find the right people to show their ads to and let people see ads relevant to what they are watching (Spina, 2020; Mukherjee et al., 2023). In incentive-based advertising, the consumer gets a specific financial reward if they agree to receive promotions and campaigns on their mobile device (Karjaluoto and Alatalo, 2007). Similarly, customers’ purchase decisions are influenced by visuals containing retail price promotions (Song et al., 2018).

Researchers have suggested factors that may lead to video ad avoidance, such as previous exposure, habit, the time urgency effect, knowledge and ethics of online selling (Belanche et al., 2017; Jamil et al., 2022). Statistics on the amount of visual information published on social media sites like Facebook and Instagram continue to rise. The full graphic picture post on Facebook and Instagram receives more views, 36,490 and 51,651, respectively. While the post containing a human face, logo and words has fewer views on Facebook and Instagram, 14,571 and 32,630, respectively (Ahmadi et al., 2023). These statistics prove that the complete image in the VC with attractive visual graphics has more views than the image containing just words, a human face and a logo. The literature (Pieters and Wedel, 2007, 2004; Lee et al., 2018; Almela-Baeza, et al., 2023) has also classified VC as an integral part of company-generated content, which is used as stimulus in our model and, significantly affects how much people pay attention and is better at grabbing people’s attention (response). Therefore, based on the customers’ mobile advertising engagement behavior, the following hypothesis is put forth:

The current study uses the source attractiveness theory (McGuire, 1985) for defining SA, which relies on elements including source likability, similarity and familiarity. Source likability enables engagement as customers are attracted toward the advertisement (McGuire, 1985; Priyankara et al., 2017). Source similarity is how similar the source seems to the receiver based on demographic or ideological factors (Lou and Yuan, 2019). Source familiarity is established when the customer says that they know and recognize the source in the mobile advertisement (Peetz, 2012). Similarly, Huang (2016) and Shen et al. (2022) explain that brand familiarity derives customers’ positive associations and satisfaction with the brand. During the pandemic lockdown, customers became more concerned with the advertisements of familiar brands on their mobile phones (Galoni et al., 2020).

Brands believe influencers are improving the visibility of their products by using video features on their mobile advertising platforms (Ketter and Avraham, 2021). The previous literature’s findings suggest that the vividness of the online product information affects individual attitudes, and displaying an authentic and honest video significantly impacts the audience’s desire to purchase (Flavián et al., 2017). People are more drawn to and influenced by aesthetically pleasing communicators than those who are less striking (Sanders, 2006; Teng and Tsai, 2020; Aggad et al., 2021). Similarly, the source’s physical appeal encourages users to interact with the advertisement by eliciting favorable emotions (Lou and Yuan, 2019; Kim and Park, 2023). Attractive people tend to be liked and admired more, and endorsements from those who are considered attractive tend to inspire consumers to emulate them by making purchases (Samarasinghe, 2018; Nugroho et al., 2022). Importantly, visually appealing animations and graphics make the advertisement more prominent and engaging for mobile users (Hatmaker, 2021; Appel et al., 2020). Customers may click on the link and watch the advertisement when they see a beautiful source with the background containing beautiful graphics, which may enhance CE with the mobile ad. It can be assumed that the SA mediates as organism between VC and CE. Hence, the proposed hypothesis is as follows:

SIC refers to the apparent resemblance between a consumer’s self-perception and the influencer’s image (Zhu et al., 2019). Celebrity endorsements affect how and what consumers do, ultimately impacting how consumers feel (Belch and Belch, 2021). Advertisers consider that a public figure may transform the way customers perceive a firm. People want to have the same trustworthy and appealing qualities as the influencers as they have a lot in common with them and want to be like them (Priyankara et al., 2017). Despite the plethora of media alternatives, advertisers still want to communicate and engage with their target audiences using mobile phones. Although, they are attempting to persuade individuals in the hopes that they will subsequently engage large groups of people based on their celebrity knowledge or some other characteristics (Jamil et al., 2022).

Advertisers are changing the layouts of their mobile advertisements to make more room for VC and grow their popularity on visual-focused platforms, mainly social media sites, e.g. Snapchat and Instagram (Hatmaker, 2021; Appel et al., 2020). The symbolic values of the brand shown through the VC in the mobile advertisement underline customers’ feelings (Zhao et al., 2023). The cognitive coherence between a consumer’s self-concept and the value-expressive attributes of a brand is a significant factor in measuring consumer behaviour, and the more a consumer feels that they are similar to a brand, the more likely they are to engage with that brand’s advertisement on their mobile phones (Xu and Pratt, 2018). Similarly, the live shows of online influencers offer fans a sense of gratification, which afterward fosters an inclination to endorse and intention to suggest these live events (Barta et al., 2023).

According to the social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1999; Schunk and DiBenedetto, 2020), the identification process starts when a person thinks that they look like a celebrity, social media influencer, etc. Customers are influenced by self-congruence via aesthetically appealing mobile advertisements that develop confidence in brands or products, develop brand trust and raise degrees of enjoyment with those brands or products (Sirgy, 1982; Hanaysha, 2022). Mobile users also recognize a match between their actual and ideal selves with the source for meanings and connections in the advertisements (Shan et al., 2020; Xu and Pratt, 2018). Similarly, the ideal and actual congruence between the user’s self and the celebrity image strengthens the self-brand relationships (Kwon and Ha, 2023) and the efficacy of the advertisement (Lee et al., 2022).

The followers participate with the influencers account and recommend it based on the perceived quality, quantity, uniqueness and the originality of the post on social sites (Casaló et al., 2020). Customers feel more connected to a brand when they engage with ads and follow famous figures on social media (Xiao et al., 2021), which provides better outcomes for advertisers. However, based on the SIC dimensions, which include ideal and actual selves (Zogaj et al., 2021; Malär et al., 2011), this study assumes SIC (organism) acts as a mediator between VC and CE in the context of mobile advertising. Hence, we put forth the following hypothesis:

According to the source attractiveness theory (McGuire, 1985), the message’s acceptability is governed by the resemblance, recognizability and preference of the source, which enhance the user’s engagement with the mobile ads (Priyankara et al., 2017; Lou and Yuan, 2019; Sharma and Bumb, 2022). Attractive visuals enhance the prominence and appeal of the influencers in the mobile ads (Hatmaker, 2021). The user’s interaction with the social media ads positively influences their impulse buying behaviour (Yaprak and Çoban, 2023). The findings of Kim and Read’s (2022) experimental study suggest that smiling influencers increase perceptions of warmth and admiration, eliciting favorable consumer attitudes and behavioral intent regardless of product category or message orientation. According to Ketter and Avraham (2021), beautiful influencers boost the brand by leveraging video features on their mobile ad platforms to make them more appealing. Thus, the ability to graphically match consumers’ actions with influencers in mobile advertising enables one to identify the person they prefer based on their ideal selves (Brengman et al., 2022).

SA is linked to higher levels of favorable sentiments (Kim and Park, 2023), and attractive endorsers are more likely to encourage ambitious purchases (Nugroho et al., 2022). For instance, the spokesperson in the cosmetic industry is selected based on attractiveness, so customers are influenced and perceive congruence between themselves and the influencers (Samarasinghe, 2018). The ideal and actual congruence between the user’s self and the celebrity image enhance the effectiveness of the advertisement (Lee et al., 2022) and improves the self-brand connections (Kwon and Ha, 2023). Furthermore, the literature findings support the notion that the better the appearance of influencers in mobile advertisements with graphics and animations, the better the customers find the actual or ideal congruence (SIC) between themselves and influencers (Xiao et al., 2021; Zogaj et al., 2021; Malär et al., 2011), leading to positive inspirations toward mobile ads. Thus, based on that literature, the combined effect of both the SA and SIC (organism) might be greater than the effect through SA or SIC alone. Hence, this leads to the following hypothesis:

The measurement model is based on the SOR framework (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974) (Figure 1), which asserts that the VC is effective in influencing SA and SIC. The SOR theory states that the distinct characteristics of the environment serve as stimuli that affect the psychological state of the individuals and motivate them to respond behaviorally (Jacoby, 2002). Previous literature has used the SOR framework in the context of online purchase intention (Zhu et al., 2020; Suparno, 2020), customer response (Chopdar and Balakrishnan, 2020), customer buying behaviour during live streaming (Ming et al., 2021), customer revenge buying (Liu et al., 2023b), CE due to apps’ attributes (Tak and Gupta, 2021) and online product video evaluations (Agrawal and Mittal, 2022). Despite that, the SOR framework’s role in measuring CE with mobile advertising is still unexplored (Liu et al., 2023a). Moreover, a need exists to better recognize the influence of VC as a stimulus in generating CE toward mobile advertising through the SA and SIC as organisms.

The following model illustrates the hypothesized relations between the variables.

This study uses a quantitative approach and deductive reasoning to test the proposed hypotheses based on the SOR theory. The positivist research paradigm referred by Qin (2021) was also used for data collection and analysis, which helped analyze a large number of population and identify causal linkages between variables. Due to time constraints, and model complexity, a cross-sectional approach was feasible for the mediation analysis (Cain et al., 2018) in the mobile advertising context (Shrout, 2011; MacKinnon, 2012).

The non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to collect the data from the mobile users of major cities of Pakistan. The questionnaire was distributed through Google Forms, where the progress bar was also used, and it was ensured that one must answer a question before moving toward the next question. A total of 783 responses were received ,out of which a usable sample of 722 was retained. Furthermore, 48 respondents were screened out based on their systematic patterns and straight-line responses (Abbey and Meloy, 2017). Also, 13 respondents were excluded for being multivariate outliers based on Mahalanobis distance (Ghorbani, 2019). Male and female participants were 58% and 42%, respectively, and the average age of the respondents was 24.50 years.

VC was operationalized through five items, adapted from Buil et al. (2013a, 2013b), Raji et al. (2019) and Bronner and Neijens (2006). In addition, similarity, likability and familiarity were measured through five items adapted from Chang (2011), Reysen (2005), Radu et al. (2023) and Wotruba et al. (2001). Based on the source attractiveness theory, these items accounted for the SA in the mobile advertisement context (Samarasinghe, 2018). SIC was measured through four items adapted from Malär et al. (2011) and Sirgy et al. (1997), which define ideal and actual SIC. Likewise, CE was measured through six items adapted from Harrigan et al. (2017), which included identification, interaction and absorption. In the context of mobile advertising, all scales for each of the four constructs were modified and measured using a seven-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Additionally, demographic variables to characterize the sample were introduced to the instrument.

This research estimated the mediation Model 6 of Hayes’ (2017) PROCESS macro. The robustness of the outer model was evaluated, and all elements with factor loadings were above the acceptable cutoff of 0.3 (Karjaluoto, 2007; Field, 2013). This led to an outer model (Table 1) with factor loadings that varied from 0.403 to 0.677. Similarly, for each construct in the model, average variance extracted (AVE), composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach’s alpha were generated. The findings showed that the AVE equal to 0.4 is acceptable if the value of the CR is more than 0.6 (Hair et al., 2021). The levels of AVE (0.400 to 0.616) and CR (0.639 to 0.791) are above 0.4 and 0.6, respectively, confirming the constructs’ validity. Significantly, Cronbach’s alpha (α) values of scale statistics indicate reliable results as alpha value is above the cutoff value of 0.6 (Murphy and Davidshofer, 1988). Thus, convergent validity was established on the basis of permissible levels of factor loadings and AVEs (Table 1). In addition, the result of Harman’s single-factor test indicates that a single factor accounted for only 25% of the variance, confirming that the data are free of common variance bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Furthermore, construct reliability was determined using acceptable reliability measures (Table 1).

KMO and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were used as additional testing of the outer model’s robustness, which define that the KMO value (0.845) defines a degree of common variance as “Meritorious” and the significance value (0.000) of Bartlett’s test, less than the threshold value (0.05) indicates the factor analysis is helpful and the sample is adequate (Beavers et al., 2013). Likewise, the level of robustness was also measured through correlation analysis, which aims to check the distribution effects or the linear relationship between two independent variables, which is between +1 and −1 (Ratner, 2009). The results, i.e. 0.243 is between 0 and 0.3, which indicates a weak positive linear relationship according to the shaky linear rule, and according to the fuzz-firm linear rule, 0.461 is between 0.3 and 0.7, which shows a moderate positive linear relationship (Table 3). In addition, the heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio confirms the discriminant validity of the construct because all the values analyzed from our results (Table 2) are below the threshold defined by Kline (2011), i.e. 0.85.

The results from the mediation model analysis showed that the VC, SA and SIC explained 26% of the variance observed in CE. This level of R² is appropriate because “values of 0.20 are regarded as high in fields such as consumer behaviour” (Hair et al., 2021). Three hypotheses were supported, and one was not. Hence, VC (β = 0.0632; p ≥ 0.05; t < 2) does not directly affect the CE, which rejects H1. On the other hand, VC (β = 0.1058; p ≤ 0.05; t > 2) and SA (β = 0.6152; p ≤ 0.01; t > 2) were positively associated with the SIC (Table 4). Similarly, SA (β = 0.2257; p ≤ 0.01; t > 2) and SIC (β = 0.3140; p ≤ 0.01; t > 2) were positively associated with CE (Table 3). Significantly, mediation effects of the measurement model, which is central to our study, showed that the effect of VC on CE was mediated by SA (β = 0.0938; significant), which lends support to H2. The effect of VC on CE was mediated by SIC (β = 0.0332; significant), which supports H3. In addition, the serial mediation of SA and SIC (β = 0.0803, significant) generates positive associations between VC and CE; thus, H4 was also supported (Table 4).

The findings from the measurement model showed that VC had a non-significant impact on CE. By contrast, VC was positively associated with SA and SIC. Notably, the VC’s effect on CE was sequentially and partially mediated by SA and SIC. The results confirm that the mediation through SA is three times greater than the SIC.

The result of the relationship between the VC and CE suggests that VC alone does not generate CE in the mobile advertising context. This contradicts the finding of Zhao et al. (2023) that image richness correlates positively with engagement and negates Rahman et al. (2022), who suggested that videos receive more views than pictures of people and pictures without people. Notably, the SA as well as the mobile user’s congruence with themselves and the influencer, are likely to generate engagement with the mobile ads. The VC’s impact is linked with increasing levels of favorable sentiments, and beautiful endorsers are more likely to lead to purchasing aspirations and engagement with that mobile ad (Samarasinghe, 2018; Lee et al., 2018). Similarly, visually attractive influencers in advertising are more likely to be perceived as credible and trustworthy, leading to more positive attitudes toward the product being advertised (Kim and Kim, 2021; Samarasinghe, 2018). However, mobile users do not engage with the ads shown on their devices that have visuals but do not have a source containing attractive appearance.

The most important finding of this study is that people notice the attractiveness of the influencer during the first impression of the mobile ads, and if it attracts them enough, then they start finding similarities between themselves and the influencers. The better the appearance of influencers in mobile advertisements, the better customers can find the actual or ideal congruence (SIC) between themselves and the influencers (Xiao et al., 2021; Zogaj et al., 2021; Malär et al., 2011). Besides this, visually appealing content and sources with strong SIC can boost CE, establish trust and credibility and eventually boost company’s sales and revenue (Anas et al., 2023; Hollebeek et al., 2022). Similarly, Lee and Watkins (2016) highlight that attractive and similar-looking models were more successful at eliciting favorable attitudes and purchase intentions.

Companies allocate a significant portion of their marketing budgets to mobile advertising in a digital environment where mobile phone usage is growing. To engage mobile users with the ads and reduce skepticism, the brands should make the advertisements more fascinating and appealing. In this regard, the brands should use appealing visuals by emphasizing SA and SIC in its mobile advertisements, which ultimately influence the company’s overall sales, reputation and return. Without these elements, an advertisement may be inexpensive, but the brand might lose its significance. The study concludes that attractive visuals solely will not affect a mobile user’s receptivity to advertisement, but rather SA and SIC. In addition, the SA and attractive visuals in mobile advertisements attract more users. Hence, the direct effect, as well as partial and sequential mediation effects of VC on CE via SA as well as SIC were investigated in this study.

The findings of this study extend the applicability of the SOR framework (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974) in understanding how mobile users are attracted to visuals with appealing sources and find similarities between themselves and influencers, allowing them to interact with advertisements displayed on their mobile devices. The findings of this study also expand the extant literature (Chopdar and Balakrishnan, 2020; Suparno, 2020; Zhu et al., 2020; Tak and Gupta, 2021) and support the SOR framework’s assertion that the stimulus (VC) is effective in influencing organisms (SA, SIC), which are in turn useful for predicting the response (CE) of mobile users toward advertisement. Likewise, the findings specify the significance of SA and SIC for the academics in the context of mobile advertising.

Moreover, the findings of our study also extend the literature on CE (e.g. Barari et al., 2021; Rosado-Pinto and Loureiro, 2020; Zheng et al., 2022; Hampton et al., 2022; Khan et al., 2023) by assessing it in the context of mobile advertising. This study supports a growing body of literature in the field that focuses on how advertisers can effectively increase customer’s mobile advertising engagement by employing attractive sources and ensuring SIC in the ads (Adeline et al., 2023; Roth-Cohen et al., 2022).

The current study can assist businesses and public managers in achieving success on the mobile advertising platforms. First, our results prove that the looks of the source allow mobile users to admire the influencers and have a positive influence on themselves. Advertising professionals should note that the appealing looks of the source in the mobile ads engage users by driving positive associations and, consequently customer satisfaction with the brand (Huang, 2016; Shen et al., 2022). Second, the mediating effect of SIC on CE, however small, suggests that using a similar influencer as the target audience, based on the demographics or ideas, can be likable. This creates a positive image regarding the influencer’s credibility and authenticity, and ultimately leads to mobile advertisement engagement. This finding is in line with the previous literature, which suggests that the ideal and actual congruence between the user and the celebrity strengthens the self-brand relationships (Kwon and Ha, 2023). Therefore, professional’s source selection should be based on the target audience’s traits and likability.

Not only that, the previous research has highlighted the role of actual and ideal SIC (Xu and Pratt, 2018) toward enhancing content engagement and purchase intention (Shan et al., 2020; Zogaj et al., 2021), which also reflects in our findings. However, a notable contribution of our study is the role of both the SA and SIC in enhancing CE toward advertising on mobile platforms. The serial mediation effect of SA and SIC (β = 0.0803) on CE is far greater than that of SIC (β = 0.0332), which shows that likeable and attractive sources are likely to induce higher SIC and subsequent CE. Advertising professionals should know that without SA and SIC, mobile users skip the ads by perceiving mobile ads to be irritating or interruptive. Significantly, the effectiveness of this advertising platform is comparatively higher than the others (Nguyen et al., 2020; Rurianto et al., 2022). Thus, advertisers should know the significance of the source’s appearance in the mobile ads for more effective outcomes and to minimize the advertising skepticism behaviour of mobile users.

Table 5 summarizes the study conclusion and implications.

First, our study has gathered data based on the surveys from the mobile users rather than to observe the preferences of the mobile users based on demographic factors (e.g. gender, age, etc.). Future research may examine the level of involvement and preferences of mobile users with the advertisement.

Second, our study gathered data based on the national brand’s advertisement perceptions in the customer’s mind. Future research should investigate the impact that various international and regional brands commercials have on the levels of engagement that customers have with advertising because international brands have more significant influence, trust and value than local brands.

Finally, there are various factors, including humor (Plessen et al., 2020), advertising picture quality (Shehu et al., 2021), the portrayal of influencers, etc., that influence the advertising engagement behaviour of mobile users. While our research uses mainly SA and SIC to examine the customer advertising engagement of the mobile users, future research should consider humor, picture quality and portrayal of influencers to identify the CE in the mobile advertising context.