Managed learning: elaborating on Lewin's mould

States that change involves alerting perceptions, attitudes and behaviours but this can be a painful and destabilizing experience ‐ involving unlearning and a process of fixing up something familiar or valued. Believes there are basically three processes to go through to generate both the readiness and motivation to undergo such change: disconfirmation; creating guilt or survival anxiety; and providing psychological safety. Submits that absorbing new ideas, views and beliefs in this way ensures a closer fit with the personality of an individual.