Changing managers or changing situations

It makes good economic sense for an organisation to fully utilise its existing manpower and to exploit relatively rare talent—hence training programmes designed to improve managers' knowledge and skills in financial procedures and new budgeting techniques, or to teach them the mechanics of an MbO system, have a high face validity. They appeal directly to the technical aspects of a manager's role. They also make psychological sense as they harness existing abilities and motivations to improve a manager's administrative competence. Therefore, given adequate instructional techniques, the training programme has a good change of being successful.