.../approach This study followed established scale development procedures using a multiphase approach. An initial pool of items was generated through a combination of deductive literature review and inductive qualitative interviews. Two studies were conducted to perform exploratory and confirmatory factor...

... previously developed through qualitative research. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on friendship theory and prior qualitative research, an initial item pool was generated based on three core dimensions: disclosure, social support and activities. Following a widely recognized scale development...

... Licensed re-use rights only Islamic religiosity Theory of planned behavior Hospitality services choice Gaming destinations Gambling Religiosity Scale development Islam was the world’s fastest-growing major religion between 2010 and 2020, adding more adherents than any other religious group...

... 05 09 2025 23 11 2025 29 11 2025 © 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Perceived service robot support Employee–robot interaction Service robots Scale development The Hong Kong Polytechnic University...

... in destination branding. Design/methodology/approach Following rigorous scale development procedures, this study conducted four studies (i.e. item generation, item purification, scale refinement, and scale validation and model testing) to develop and validate the scale of EDE . Findings This study...

... in the field over time and suggest directions for future research. Design/methodology/approach Using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses ( PRISMA ) methodology for data collection, the authors analyzed 135 scale development and validation papers published from 1996...

... 2024 23 11 2024 04 01 2025 03 02 2025 09 02 2025 © Emerald Publishing Limited 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Smartphone application Application quality Scale development This study received ethical approval from...

... projects and collaborations that yield important insights not only for the hospitality industry, but also for the broader domains of psychology, sociology, policy and beyond. Virtue Flourishing Empathy Embrace Execution Scale development One of the inherent problems...

... in relation to practices that encourage acceptance of demographically diverse leaders. This study aims to bridge this gap by developing the perceived inclusion climate for leader diversity (PICLD) scale. Design/methodology/approach The scale development process was carried out in five phases which...

...Florian Kock; Adiyukh Berbekova; A. George Assaf; Alexander Josiassen Purpose The purpose of this paper, a critical reflection, is twofold. First, by comprehensively reviewing scale development procedures in hospitality research, a concerning lack of nomological validity testing is demonstrated...

... Publishing Limited 2023 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Event tourist Experience value Scale development functional value; emotional value; social value; and perceived risk. From the perspective of experience contexts, these studies explore...

... to the conventional psychometric procedure for scale development, this study combined text-mining techniques and interviews to generate items to capture the concept of CCV comprehensively. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using two different surveys. Moreover, structural equation modeling...

... only The purpose of this paper is to critically review and synthesize the scale development practices in hospitality and tourism and propose updated guidelines applicable for both reflective and composite scales. Using a critical review of a sample of scale development papers published...

... experience studies. Gastronomy experience Affect Tourists Scale development Item response theory Classical test theory Food-related studies have been conducted for more than 30 years in the tourism and hospitality-related domains (Okumus, 2020). From initial suspicions about the influential...

... specifically, scale development procedures were followed through reviewing the literature and gathering the opinions of 20 experts, and then the primary data were collected through the survey applied to 248 foreign visitors to Turkey. Finally, the subsequent survey was applied to 628 foreign visitors to Turkey...

... in the hospitality industry. It expanded academically the current knowledge of organizational culture and customer delight. Customer delight Organizational culture Hospitality industry Scale development Customer satisfaction is essential for every business, and good customer service is one...

...Huseyin Arasli; Levent Altinay; Hasan Evrim Arici The results show that the measurement scale developed in this research provides considerable reliability, as well as convergent and discriminant validities. In particular, the findings confirmed a four-dimensional measurement scale of the SEL...

... of HEPJR from a risk-source perspective. Scale development Hotel employee Accident causation theory Perceived job risk National Natural Science Foundation of China 41971182 Humanities and Social Sciences Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China 19YJAZH097 Postgraduates...

... re-use rights only Hotels Servicescape Hospitality marketing Scale development Physical environment Since Kotler (1973) coined the term “atmospherics” to describe the conscious designing of space to create effects in buyers, the physical space has been investigated for its...

... was developed using a three-stage process: initial item generation, scale development and scale evaluation. A total of 369 self-administered questionnaires validated the developed scale. Findings The results showed five dimensions of value of destination restaurant services: service quality value, authentic...