... of the bionic pectoral fins. The pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the whole vehicle body increases, and the lift will increase abruptly. The ground effect was first discovered in the take-off and landing process of fixed-wing aircraft. It is directly manifested as that when...

.... Originality/value – The developed dynamic model provides the theoretical basis for further research on propulsion mechanism of oscillating pectoral fins. It can also be used in the design of the bionic pectoral fins. It is well known that both the flapping motion of birds and the oscillating motion...