... control system is built and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller is used. Design/methodology/approach – PID control is the most common control algorithm used in industry and has been a conventional tool used to operate closed-loop control system; however, it is very difficult to achieve...

... interface is proposed. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed control algorithm includes a high-level proportional-integral-derivative controller (PID) controller used to dynamically generate reference velocities for different travel ranges of the tool centre point (TCP) of the robot...