... in these countries may affect firms’ performance, specifically their competitiveness, effectiveness and efficiency. Design/methodology/approach – The survey conducted for this study was addressed to Spanish-Moroccan IJVs trading in Morocco. The research hypotheses were tested using multivariate analysis...

... the spirit and substance of HRM. The former propagates “empowering”employees and line managers to square the circle of increased competition, improved efficiency/productivity and financial stringency. The substance of HRM involves a reconfiguration of existing management structures in an effort to re‐create...