... motivation theory Spectator sport Team identification Shang Min Ma can be contacted at: masm@mail.npust.edu.tw 28 06 2024 31 10 2024 23 11 2024 25 11 2024 While many scholars have examined the effects of health risks, such as COVID-19, on sporting events and spectators...

.... Zack P. Pedersen can be contacted at: zackpede@indiana.edu 10 07 2020 05 11 2020 01 12 2020 © Emerald Publishing Limited 2020 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Spectator dysfunctional behavior Enjoyment Spectator aggression Spectator sport...

... Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Item analysis Item response theory General partial credit model Team identification Spectator sport The phrase “identification crisis” (Lock and Heere, 2017) reflects not only the need for conceptual clarification, but also the measurement...

.... Giulianotti, 2002). This is also consistent with the psychological frameworks suggesting that emotional experiences are associated with memory and hence affects behaviors (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974 ; Mischel and Shoda, 1995). Loyalty Spectator sport Environmental psychology Consumer intention...

... Publishing Limited 2016 Consumer behaviour Sports marketing Product loyalty Repeat patronage Spectator sport Oliver’s product loyalty framework Sport marketers need to understand how to create emotional attachment to a brand or product in order to increase repatronage behavior (product...

... licensed reuse rights only Fan participation behaviour in baseball: an application of the theory of planned behaviour Keywords leisure activity game attending spectator sport Chih-Fu Cheng Professor, Department of Physical Education National Taiwan Normal University Lung Hung Chen Assistant Professor...

... brand image, 2) enhanced brand loyalty and 3) consumer brand switching. cause-related sport marketing brand associations brand loyalty spectator sport sponsorship 15 10 2002 © 2002 by Winthrop Publications Limited 2002 licensed reuse rights only Tony Lachowetz James Gladden...